In this review, we discuss recent findings that provide insights into the mechanism by which GR signaling can play a dual role in the regulation of the immune response. The mechanisms modulating the pro-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are not well understood. The anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids is attributed to the repression of pro-inflammatory genes through signal transduction by their steroid receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In the traditional view, glucocorticoids are regarded as anti-inflammatory molecules however, emerging evidence suggests that glucocorticoid actions are more complex than previously anticipated. Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed to treat inflammatory disorders and hematological cancers. Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal gland in response to stress.
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